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Dry Bulk Density of Soil

}\) Symbol English Metric \( Y_{dry} \) = Dry Bulk Density of Soil \(lbm \;/\;ft^3\) \(kg \;/\; m^3\) \( M_s \) = Soil Mass \(lbm\) \(kg\) \( V_t \) = Total Volume of Soil \(ft^3\) \(m^3\) Dry bulk density of soil, abbreviated as \(Y_{dry}\), is a...

Shrinkage Limit

}{ V_2 -V_2 }\) Symbol English Metric \( SL \) = Shrinkage Limit \(dimensionless\) \(dimensionless\) \( m_1 \) = Inlet Wet Mass of Soil \(lbm\) \(kg\) \( m_2 \) = Final Dry Mass of Soil \(lbm\) \(kg\) \( V_1 \) = Inlet Volume of Soil \(ft^3\) \(m^3\) \(...

Density of an Element

Zr 6.511 Element Name Element Symbol Density \(g\;/\;cm^3 \) Density of an element is a physical property that relates the mass of a given amount of the element to its volume. Density can vary widely among different elements due to differences in atomic...

Turbulent Flow

mixing of fluid components. This is particularly important in applications such as chemical reactions, heat transfer, and mass transfer, where efficient mixing is desirable. Energy Dissipation - Turbulence involves the conversion of kinetic energy into...

Petroleum Glossary

right-of-way. M A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Mass Flow Rate - The average velocity of a mass that passes by a point. Melting Point - A solid is the temperature at which it changes...

Electrical Glossary

constant in Newton's law of universal gravitation, which determines the strength of the gravitational force between two masses. Coulomb's Law - The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two electric charges. In case of more than two electric...

Structural Glossary

length of the pipe. M A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Mass - The amount of matter an object has. Material - The matter an object is made of. There are four categories of material:...

Storage Tank Glossary

T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Manway - An opening on a tank or vessel designed as an entryway for personal access and equipment. Mass Flow Rate - The average velocity of a mass that passes by a point. Maximum Operating Pressure - The maximum pressure...

Erosion and Sedimentation

move slowly but carry large amounts of rock and sediment with them. Gravity - Landslides, rockfalls, and other forms of mass movement can erode landscapes. Sedimentation - Sedimentation occurs when the particles removed by erosion settle in a new...

Ceramic Glossary

kiln shelves, varying by firing techniques. Kneading - The manual working of clay to produce a homogenous smooth and plastic mass ready for throwing, hand building or modelling. Kneading follows wedging in clay preparation and is often referred to as...

Orifice Metering

account for factors such as the orifice and pipe diameters, fluid density, and a discharge coefficient, the volumetric or mass flow rate of the fluid can be accurately calculated. Orifice meters are valued for their relative simplicity, cost...

Venturi Effect

expense of its internal pressure, causing the pressure within the constricted area to drop. Key Principles Conservation of Mass (Continuity Equation) - For an incompressible fluid, as it flows through a narrower section, its velocity must increase to...

Nitrogen

Physical Properties Color - Colorless Odor - Odorless Density - \(0.00004137 \; lbm/in^3 \; (0.001145 \; g/cc )\) Molar Mass - \(28.013 \; g/mol \;(28.013 \; g/mol)\) Chemical Properties Atomic Number - \(7\) Chemical Formula - \(C_3 \; H_8\) Atomic...

Hydrogen

Physical Properties Color - Colorless Odor - Rotten-egg Odor Density - \(0.00000296 \; lb/in^3 \;(0.0000820 \; g/cc)\) Molar Mass - \(2.016 \; g/mol \;(2.016 \; g/mol)\) Vapor Pressure - \(75.0 \; torr \;\)@\(\; -433.5 \; F^\circ \; (0.1000 \;bar...

Helium

Physical Properties Color - Colorless Odor - Odorless Density - \(0.00000592 \; lbm/in^3 \; (0.000164 \; g/cc )\) Molar Mass - \(4.0026 \; g/mol \;(4.0026 \; g/mol)\) Chemical Properties Atomic Mass - \(2\) Chemical Formula - \(He\) State of Matter -...

Momentum Change in Velocity

m \cdot \left( v_i - v_f \right) \) Symbol English Metric \( p \) = momentum \(lbm-ft\;/\;sec\) \(kg-m\;/\;s\) \( m \) = mass \(lbm\) \(kg\) \( v_i \) = initial velocity \(ft\;/\;sec\) \(m\;/\;s\) \( v_f \) = final velocity \(ft\;/\;sec\) \(m\;/\;s\)...

Law of Conservation of Matter

states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction or a physical change. This means that the total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction must be equal to the total mass of the products that are formed. In other words, the...

Harmonic Oscillator

and the restoring force always acts in a direction to bring the system back to its equilibrium. An example is a mass attached to a spring. If you pull or push the mass, the spring exerts a force to return it to its resting position. The restoring force...

Thrust Force for a Jet Engine

\cdot \left( v_e - v_i \right) }{ p_e - p_a } \) Symbol English Metric \( F \) = Thrust Force \(lbf\) \(N\) \( \dot m_f \) = Mass Flow Rate of the Exaust \(lbm \;/\; sec\) \(kg \;/\; s\) \( v_e \) = Exaust Velocity \(ft \;/\; sec\) \(m \;/\; s\) \( v_i...

Change in Temperature

Capacity \(Btu \;/\; lbm-F\) \(kJ \;/\;kg-K\) \( c \) = Specific Heat \(Btu \;/\; lbm-F\) \(kJ \;/\;kg-K\) \( m \) = Object Mass \(lbm\) \(kg\) Change in temperature, abbreviated as \(\Delta T\), is how much the temperature increases or decreases...