Stress
Stress, abbreviated as \(\sigma \) (Greek symbol sigma), also called normal stress, is the force per unit area of cross-section. The maximum stress of a material before it breaks is called breaking stress or ultimate tensial stress.
Stress Types
- Bulk Stress (Volume Stress) - The volume of the body changes due to the stress.
- Compressive Stress - The opposite of tensile stress.
- Cylinder Hoop Stress - The circumference stress in a cylinder of pipe having both ends closed due to internal pressure.
- Fatigue Stress - Failure or weakening of a material due to repetition and load cycling.
- Flow Stress - When a mass of flowing fluid indicates a dynamic pressure on a conduit wall.
- Hoop Stress - The circumferential and perpendicular stress to the axis imposed on a cylinder wall when exposed to an internal pressure load.
- Hydraulic Stress - The internal force per unit area when the force is applied by the fluid on the body.
- Longitudinal Stress - When the length of the body changes its length by normal stress that is applied.
- Pressure Stress - Stresses induced in vessels containing pressurized materials.
- Radial Stress - The stress towards or away from the central axis of a curved member.
- Residual Stress - Stresses caused by manufacturing processes in a solid material after the origional cause has been removed.
- Shear Stress (Tangential Stress) - Tends to deform the material by breaking rather than stretching without changing the volume by restraining the object.
- Structural Stress - Stresses produced in structural members because of the weight they support.
- Tensile Stress - A stress in which the two sections of material on either side of a stress plane tend to pull apart or elongate.
- Thermal Stress - Whenever temperature gradients are present in a material.
stress formula |
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\(\large{ \sigma = \frac{F}{A_c} }\) | ||
Symbol | English | Metric |
\(\large{ \sigma }\) (Greek symbol sigma) = stress | \(\large{\frac{lbf}{in^2}}\) | \(\large{Pa}\) |
\(\large{ A_c }\) = area cross-section | \(\large{ ft^2}\) | \(\large{ m^2}\) |
\(\large{ F }\) = force | \(\large{ lbf }\) | \(\large{N}\) |
Tags: Strain and Stress Equations Soil Equations Hoop Stress Equations