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Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics, Thermodynamics, Physics, Glossary
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Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals deals with large scale reactions of a system that can be observed and measures and the relationship between properties such as energy, heat, pressure, temperature, work, etc. on a system.  It is a fundamental part of physics and is used to describe and understand the behavior of many different physical systems, ranging from tiny particles to large-scale processes like weather patterns and the behavior of stars.

The laws of thermodynamics describe the behavior of energy in different systems.  The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.  The second law states that the total entropy (a measure of the degree of disorder in a system) in a closed system will always increase over time, and that energy will always tend to flow from hotter to cooler objects.  The third law states that it is impossible to reach absolute zero (the lowest possible temperature).

Science
Natural Science / Physical Science
Physics
Thermodynamics
  •  Chemical Thermodynamics
  • Classical Thermodynamics
  • Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics has many practical applications, including the design of engines, refrigeration systems, and other devices that convert energy from one form to another.  It is also important in chemistry, where it is used to study the behavior of chemical reactions and the properties of materials at different temperatures and pressures.

Thermodynamics Branches

Chemical Thermodynamics  -  The study of energy changes, equilibrium, and spontaneity associated with chemical reactions and phase changes.
Classical Thermodynamics  -  The macroscopic study of energy, heat, work, and equilibrium properties of systems using the laws of thermodynamics without reference to molecular structure.
Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics  -  The study of thermodynamic systems that are not in equilibrium, focusing on transport processes such as heat, mass, and momentum flow.
Statistical Thermodynamics (Statistical Mechanics)  -  The branch that explains thermodynamic behavior by applying probability theory to the microscopic motions and interactions of atoms and molecules.

System Types

Boundary  -  The real or imaginary surface that separates the system ftom the surroundings and can be fixed or movable.
Closed System  -  Exchanges only energy with its surroundings.  No mass can cross the system.
Isolated System  -  Keeps the energy and matter within the system and everything else out.  No transfer in or out.
Open System  -  Freely exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings.  Both mass and energy can cross the boundary.

Properties of a System

The identifiable and observable characteristics of a system by which it can be specified.
Extensive Properties  -  Those properties which depend on the size of the system.  These properties are directly related to the mass.  Enthalpy, Entropy, Gibbs Free Energy, Heat Capacity, Internal Energy, Mass, Volume, etc.
Intensive Properties  -  Those properties of the system which do not depend on the size of the system.  These properties are not related to the mass.  Color, Density, Pressure, Temperature, Thermal Expansion, Velocity, Viscosity, etc.

Thermodynamic Processes 

Any process that involves heat energy moving within a system or between systems.
Adiabatic Process  -  No heat is transferred to or from the system.
Cyclic Process  -  The system at the end is the same as the state at the beginning.  The system does not change over a complete cycle.
Irreversible Process  -  Cannot return both the system and the surroundings to their original conditions.
Isenthalpic Process  -  A process of constant enthalpy.Isochoric Process  -  The system’s volume does not change.
Isobaric Process  -  The system’s pressure does not change
.Isothermal Process  -  The system’s temperature remains constant.
Non-quasi-static Process  -  Most of the processes happening around us can be termed non-quasi-static process.
Quasi-static Process  -  Slow enough for the system to maintain internal thermodynamic equilibrium.
Reversible Process  -  Can be made to retrace its path by differential changes in the environment.  It leaves no change in either the system or surroundings.

Thermodynamic State

Thermodynamic state encapsulates the complete macroscopic condition of a system at a specific moment, uniquely defined by a set of measurable properties known as state variables.  These variables, such as temperature, pressure, volume, and composition, are intrinsic to the system's current condition and are independent of the path taken to reach that state.  While a system can be in various non-equilibrium states, the concept of a thermodynamic state most commonly refers to a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, where all macroscopic properties are uniform throughout the system and remain constant over time, signifying the absence of any spontaneous changes or driving forces.  Consequently, knowing the values of a few key state variables allows for the determination of all other thermodynamic properties of the system at that particular state.

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Title
Enthalpy
Entropy
Exchanged Heat in a Heat Exchanger
Fahrenheit
Final Temperature

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